Vietnam War Timeline

The Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War and the American War in Viet Nam) was an outgrowth of conflicts between the colonizing French forces in Vietnam supported by Bao Dais Vietnamese National Army (VNA) and the communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh (the Viet Minh) and Vo Nguyen Giap. The Vietnam War itself began in 1954 when the United States and other members of the Southeast Asia Treat Organization were drawn into the conflict. It would not end until 20 years later, with the fall of Saigon to the Communists in April 1975. Vietnam War Key Takeaways The Vietnam War was one of several conflicts which began with the struggle over Indochina to overthrow the French colonial forces.  Known as the Second Indochina War, the Vietnam War officially begins when the U.S. gets involved in 1954.The first American fatality was in 1956 when an off-duty airman was shot by a colleague for talking to some children.Four U.S. Presidents oversaw the Vietnam War: Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon.The war ended when Saigon fell to the Communists, in April 1975. Background to Conflicts in Vietnam 1847: France sends warships to Vietnam, to protect Christians from the ruling emperor Gia Long 1858–1884: France invades Vietnam and makes Vietnam a colony. Procession of Indigenous Cavalry or Troops in French Indo-China (Vietnam, Aug. 1903). Corbis / Getty Images Early 20th century: Nationalism begins to rise in Vietnam, including several separate groups with different political systems. October 1930: Ho Chi Minh helps found the Indochinese Communist Party. September 1940: Japan invades Vietnam. May 1941: Ho Chi Minh establishes the Viet Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam). September 2, 1945: Ho Chi Minh declares an independent Vietnam, called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and fighting begins with French forces and the VNA. December 19, 1946: All-out war breaks out between France and the Viet Minh, signaling the start of the First Indochina War. 1949: Mao Zedongs Communist Party wins the Chinese Civil War. January 1950: The Viet Minh receive military advisors and weapons from China. July 1950: The United States pledges $15 million worth of military aid to France to help its troops fight in Vietnam. 1950–1953: Communist takeover in China and the war in Korea creates concern in the West that Southeast Asia would be a dangerous Communist stronghold. The Second Indochina War Begins May 7, 1954: The French suffer a decisive defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. July 21, 1954: The Geneva Accords creates a cease-fire for the peaceful withdrawal of the French from Vietnam and provides a temporary boundary between North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The accords call for free elections in 1956; Cambodia and Laos receive their independence. South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem rides with Commissioner Richard Patterson and Chief Protocol of the State Department, Wiley T. Buchanan Jr. in a parade in New York City. Carl T. Gossett Jr / Getty Images October 26, 1955: South Vietnam declares itself the Republic of Vietnam, with newly elected Ngo Dinh Diem as president. 1956: President Diem decides against the elections required in the Geneva Accords because the North would certainly win. June 8, 1956: The first official American fatality is Air Force Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr., murdered by another American airman as he was talking with local children. July 1959: North Vietnams leaders pass an ordinance calling for continued socialist revolutions in the north and south. July 11, 1959: Two off-duty U.S. military advisors Major Dale Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Ovnand  are killed when a guerilla strike at Bienhoa struck their mess hall. The 1960s North Vietnamese President and communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969, left) with Prime Minister of the Peoples Republic of China, Zhou Enlai (1898–1976) in Vietnam, 1960. Three Lions / Getty Images December 20, 1960: The insurgents in South Vietnam are formally established as the National Liberation Front (PLF), but are better known to their enemies as the Vietnamese Communists or Viet Cong for short. January 1961: John F. Kennedy takes office as the President of the United States and begins to escalate American involvement in Vietnam; two U.S. helicopter units arrive in Saigon. February 1962: A U.S.-backed strategic hamlet program in South Vietnam forcibly relocates South Vietnamese peasants to fortified settlements. June 11, 1963: A buddhist monk makes the ultimate protest in Saigon by setting himself alight. Keystone / Getty Images June 11, 1963: Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc sets himself on fire in front of a pagoda in Saigon to protest Diems policies; the journalists photo of the death is published worldwide as The Ultimate Protest. November 2, 1963: South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is executed during a coup. November 22, 1963: President Kennedy is assassinated; the new President Lyndon Johnson would continue the escalation. Lyndon B. Johnson takes the oath of office as President of the United States, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22, 1963. National Archives / Getty Images August 2 and 4, 1964: North Vietnamese attack two U.S. destroyers sitting in international waters (the Gulf of Tonkin Incident). August 7, 1964: In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, the U.S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. March 2, 1965: A sustained U.S. aerial bombing campaign of North Vietnam begins (Operation Rolling Thunder). March 8, 1965: The first U.S. combat troops arrive in Vietnam. January 30, 1968: The North Vietnamese join forces with the Viet Cong to launch the Tet Offensive, attacking approximately 100 South Vietnamese cities and towns. March 16, 1968: U.S. soldiers killed hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in the town of Mai Lai. Refugees flee the Tan Son Nhut area after a Viet Cong attack on May 6, 1968. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images July 1968: General William Westmoreland, who had been in charge of the U.S. troops in Vietnam, is replaced by General Creighton Abrams. December 1968: U.S. troops in Vietnam reaches 540,000. July 1969: President Nixon orders the first of many U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam. September 3, 1969: Communist revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh dies at age 79. November 13, 1969: The American public learns of the Mai Lai massacre. The 1970s Hundreds of students at Kent State staged a demonstration in protest against the Nixon administrations expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on May 4, 1970. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images April 30, 1970: President Nixon announces that U.S. troops will attack enemy locations in Cambodia. This news sparks nationwide protests, especially on college campuses. May 4, 1970: National Guardsmen fire a barrage of tear gas into a crowd of demonstrators protesting the expansion into Cambodia on the campus of Kent State University; four students are killed. June 13, 1971: Portions of the Pentagon Papers are published in The New York Times. March 1972: The North Vietnamese cross the demilitarized zone (DMZ) at the 17th parallel to attack South Vietnam in what became known as the Easter Offensive. January 27, 1973: The Paris Peace Accords are signed that provide a cease-fire. March 29, 1973: The last U.S. troops are withdrawn from Vietnam. March 1975: North Vietnam launches a massive assault on South Vietnam. April 30, 1975: Saigon falls, and South Vietnam surrenders to the communists, the official end of the Second Indochina War/Vietnam War. WASHINGTON, DC - APRIL 30: Vietnam war veteran Steve Moczary, who served two tours during the war, searches for the name of his friend Msgt. Cecil Hodgson at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Win McNamee / Getty Images July 2, 1976: Vietnam is unified as a communist country, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. November 13, 1982: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. is dedicated.

Analysis And Evaluation Help Develop An Understanding And...

Care is more than the treatment of physical aspects of the patient, it also encompasses their mental and social wellbeing (WHO 1946). To provide this approach healthcare professionals work together to deliver high quality and safe care, developed from evidence based practice. The NHS Confederation (2010) identified a link between high quality care and increased patient outcomes. Standards of care, conduct, and performance and ethics are set by the Health Care Professions Council (HCPC). Governing healthcare professions with standards of professional and public expectations of behaviour (HCPC 2012a). Healthcare professionals are duty bound to self-analyse and evaluate current practice through continuous professional development, thus†¦show more content†¦These potentially infectious items need to be dealt with as soon as possible to reduce the risk of cross contamination and infection (HSE 2011). Standard precautions and principles must be adhered to, not only to protect the patient but also to protect members of the team who care for them. In the clinical diary there was a blood spill, which occurred when the patient pulled the Venflon out while taking off her dressing gown. This was cleaned up by a healthcare professional and a student. Standard precautions were not adhered to due to not wearing gloves which is vital for safe practice (AFPP 2011). It is also best practice for the student (HCPC 2012c). Mentors have a legal and professional duty to students, who should be guided and taught key issues in infection control principles whilst supervised (HCPC 2012b). Gloves, goggles, masks and gowns are minimum recommended requirements of PPE in any clinical environment where contact with blood or bodily fluid is likely (HSE 2011). Although wearing gloves does not prevent injury. It minimises exposure and cross contamination, reducing the risk of infection (AFPP 2011). The healthcare professional in the diary decided not to wear gloves because they catch on her rings and tear. This suggests that the rings have jagged edges or stones, which potentially could cause injury to the patient and also pose as an infection risk. Professional guidelines also dictate that staff should be bare below the

Write an Essay on the Relationship Between Frankenstein and the Creature, and Compare/Contrast Their Relationship with That Exhibited Between Two Other Characters in One Other Text. free essay sample

This essay will examine the relationship between two sets of characters in two different books. In Mary Shelleys’ Frankenstein the relationship between Victor Frankenstein and The Monster he created will be discussed, by analysing both characters relationship to each other before detailing the effects this relationship had, on the others actions and how it led to their eventual downfall. In Matthew Lewis’ The Monk the relationship between Ambrosio and Matilda will be analysed and then compared to the aforementioned relationship in Frankenstein in order to highlight any similarities or differences in Ambrosios’ fall from grace as opposed to Victors. In order to compare the relationship between Victor and The Monster it is important to highlight the traits and events that shaped Victor Frankenstein before he created The Monster, as it appears that Victor was so affected by his creation, that the creation of the ‘catastrophe’ and the events which unfolded signalled the end of Victor Frankenstein as he had previously existed. Victor was a highly motivated and intelligent young man who had a secure upbringing and a healthy social base as he matured. He was afforded the opportunity to learn about science and became totally obsessed with how far he could delve into the mysteries of life through his study of forgotten works of ancient alchemists. Victor in many ways mirrored the explorer Walton in his ambition to discover ‘those shores which I so ardently desire to attain’. He was so focused on the prize that he lost sight of his responsibilities and must be attributed a portion of the blame for the creatures fall from innocence. Victor is driven and shaped by his ambition and single mindedness as he sees only the value of science in his creation and ultimately fails to nurture ‘his child’. His time spent working towards his goal and largely cut off from humanity may have caused him to lose part of his humanity alluding to the title of the ‘Modern day Prometheus’. Although ambition and scientific brilliance were abundant in Victor, a lack of paternal guidance and nurture towards his creation begins The Monsters descent from humanity and on to a path of isolation and murder. His actions, or lack thereof have a dramatic consequence on himself, as he is transformed from the creator of life to a man obsessed with the destruction of the life he has created. Alternatively The Monster was born fully formed yet without knowledge, so could be compared to the birth of a baby, mentally at least. From the moment of his creation Victor rejects him which lays flawed foundations for The Monsters psychological development. When Victor awakens in his bed to find The Monster standing over him staring and smiling he is unsettled and rejects him again. If we think of this moment and replace The Monster with a child, who would have inevitably been in this scenario with one of their natural parents, we may say that the Monster was looking for security from ‘its father’. This occasion only served as a missed opportunity for nurture and bonding between the two and set the tone of The Monsters future place in society and relationship with each other. The appearance of The Monster horrifies Victor and this reason for rejection, is then commonplace among all of those who come into contact with the creature. Victors’ lack of guidance as a paternal figure, which The Monster viewed Victor as, was undoubtedly detrimental to his intellectual and moral development. This too is touched on in Victors childhood when he makes reference to his fathers’ lack of guidance of the science literature he was reading, If, instead of this remark, my father had taken the pains to explain to me that the principles of Agrippa had been entirely exploded†¦I should certainly have thrown Agrippa aside and have contented my imagination†¦by returning with greater ardor to my former studies. If this was to be believed then it may be argued that Victors father may too shoulder some responsibility for the lack of a nurturing spirit in Victor and indirectly the development of The Monster. The Monster learned about society from the periphery, looking in and without the growth structures and parameters that were traits in Victors’ upbringing. Due to this he does not know the boundaries of correct human behaviour and has not been taught what is socially or morally right and wrong. Instead he has learned it from books such as Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’ and from his observations of the Delacy family. It is this recognition of his ability to perform intellectual realisations made evident in his reference to Milton â€Å"remember, that I am thy creature: I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel†, that allows Victor to eventually recognise him as a human being and no longer merely a personification of a scientific experiment. This however is overshadowed by his hatred of The Monster for the murders of firstly his brother and causing the death of Justine, but later his wife and best friend Henry. The Monster hopes that by telling Victor of the compassion he has witnessed and heard from his time watching Felix and Safie that Victor may allow a relationship to develop but this has the opposite effect and highlights the fact that because of the secret of The Monster, Victor allowed Justine to die. The relationship between the two evolves throughout the novel. In the beginning we view Victor as a god like creator of this being. Victor has the power over the monster at this stage and uses that power to reject him and leave him to find his own way in society. During this time the Monster who is intellectually inferior views Victor as a father figure but when he realises that Victor has created him in a way that will leave him unable to integrate into society and therefore isolated he develops hatred for Victor and this evolves into desires for revenge all of which shape his character, â€Å"I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend† . In many ways they caused each others isolation from society as in order to create The Monster, Victor was forced to exclude himself from society whereas The Monster due to his appearance, a flaw of Victors’ handiwork, was forced to exclude himself from society. In many ways the two characters are polar opposites of one another. Victors’ outward appearance is in contrast to the hideous nature of The Monster. While The Monster looks for guidance and a relationship, â€Å"Victor rejects him. Victor Frankenstein destroys his humanity for the sake of a â€Å"break through† not properly belonging to man†. Victor is restricted in some degree by his feelings and memories of a nostalgic upbringing as well as a developed moral code. The monster has no such restrictions and his actions reflect that. Due to the effects of one on the other, they have ruined any chance the other might have to lead any sort of normal life. Although The Monster has been living self reliantly and blames Victor for his predicament he sees Victor as his only chance of happiness. At this point the relationship is changed as The Monster becomes the dominant force in the relationship by convincing Victor to create him a mate. Victor agrees as he feels that it will be the only way to rid the world of its evil. But it is this that makes Victor realise, while making the second abomination, his lack of authority over The Monster will manifest itself again in relation to his new creation. Victor makes a transformation at this point from creator when he destroys the creature. His actions have a direct consequence on The Monster who, realising all hope is lost, makes it the purpose of his life to make Victor feel his pain by killing Henry and Elizabeth. As Victor destroys The Monsters future chance of social integration so too does it set about destroying Victors. With his social safety net gone and his faith in science destroyed he commits himself to the destruction of The Monster. The Monster makes his last stage of his transformation from son to master as all of Victors actions are now determined by his hate of the creature which gives the power in the relationship to The Monster. A similar theme of isolation is evident in The Monk as Ambrosio lives a secluded life in a Capuchin monastery in Madrid where he has lived virtually since birth. â€Å"The precondition of the ethical universe explored by Lewis is Enlightenment secularism, the decision that man should be understood in terms of mankind alone. † In this novel the protagonist too breaks fundamental social and moral codes which lead to his downfall and similarly it is the introduction of a supernatural character which is at the source of the problem. Ambrosio has very little contact with society and is highly confident in his faith. As Victor was blinded by his vanity so too is Ambrosio as his misplaced confidence is the result of a secluded existence meaning that he has not had the opportunity to test his resilience of his faith and has led quite a sheltered lifestyle. His vanity is alluded to at the beginning of chapter 2, â€Å"‘Who,’ thought he, ‘who but myself has passed the ordeal of youth, yet sees no single stain upon his conscience I seek for such a man in vain Religion cannot boast Ambrosio’s equal! ’ †. His temptation comes in the form of Rosario a young novice monk who Ambrosio feels strangely drawn to, only to learn from Rosario that the young monk is actually a woman named Matilda who has hidden in the monastery, disguised as a monk in order to get close to Ambrosio who is the object of her affections. Ambrosio decides to keep her identity a secret and although he initially resists her advances he eventually succumbs to temptation and an affair ensues. His religion which up to this point has maintained the social order becomes less a guiding influence in Ambrosios’ life as he falls further under the influence of his passions and desires. Just as Victor lost everything in his life that could have re-integrated him into society so did Ambrosio. Prior to this event he had his faith and what he perceived as a healthy love for the Madonna as well as the moral standing in the wider community. With the introduction of Matilda these things were lost as they were for Victor in the arrival of The Monster. Until this point he has only felt emotion for one other female figure and that was for the Madonna. He sees her as the only woman which he can feel a deep connection with, â€Å"What beauty in that countenance!.. Oh if such a creature existed, and existed but for me! This is recognised by Matilda who sees that he has repressed feelings of a sexual nature towards the Madonna and uses them to commence an affair. As the novel uses this relationship to open the doors on a juxtaposition between religion and his sexual desires the total breakdown of the social and moral order are fully realised when Ambrosio solicits the help of M atilda, who practises black magic, to conjure a demon that enables him to rape Antonia and murder her Mother Dame Elvira. â€Å"Ambrosio at first refuses this momentous step: if he has sinned grievously, he is nonetheless unwilling to renounce all hope of eventual salvation. When Lorenzo informs the authorities to the actions of Ambrosio who he witnessed leaving the scene of Antonia’s rape he informed the authorities and had the result of a warrant being issued to burn the disgraced monk at the stake. At this point Ambrosio allows himself to be convinced by Matilda to make a pact with Satan to avoid his fate which he does only to learn from Satan that he has just killed his mother and raped his sister before the devil kills him and takes his soul to hell. Like Victor, Ambrosios’ only links back to humanity are destroyed by the monster he has created. In conclusion both novels highlight the dangers of blind ignorance on the part of the protagonists to recognise their weaknesses. Had either Victor or Ambrosio lived a life where they were not isolated from their respective communities the outcome may have been different and the complete disintegration of their moral fibres may not have occurred as an outside influence may have kept them in check. The lack of a positive relationship between Victor and the monster is undoubtedly central to the plot of the novel and this relationship transformed from one where Victor was in the driving seat to one where the Monster became dominant. In ‘The Monk’ the relationship between Ambrosio and Matilda is what drives the narrative and is the biggest obstacle to Ambrosio saving himself just as it is between Victor and The Monster in ‘Frankenstein’. Bibliography Shelly, Mary; Frankenstein, Introduction and Notes by Dr Siv Jansson (Wordsworth Classics 1993). Ed. Davies, David Stuart; Lewis Matthew: The Monk; (Wordsworth Classics 2009). Virtue and Terror: The Monk Author(s): Peter Brooks Source: ELH, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Summer, 1973), pp. 249-263 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Stable URL: http://www. stor. org/stable/2872659 . Accessed: 15/02/2011 15:00 Gothic versus Romantic: A Revaluation of the Gothic Novel Author(s): Robert D. Hume Source: PMLA, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Mar. , 1969), pp. 282-290 Published by: Modern Language Association Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1261285 . Accessed: 15/02/2011 15:19 The Tale of Terror Author(s): James A. Preu Source: The English Journal, Vol. 4 7, No. 5 (May, 1958), pp. 243-247 Published by: National Council of Teachers of English Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/809277 . Accessed: 15/02/2011 16:35

Loneliness Of Long Distant Runner Essays - Borstal, Loneliness

Loneliness Of Long Distant Runner The theme of honesty is widely developed in "The Loneliness of the Long Distant Runner," in which Smith tells us what honesty means according to him, and according to the governor. To be honest is interpreted by the governor as the easiest and most common way to win the race, to get out of the jail, and to have a family. Smith's sense of honesty therefore must be seen as individuality; to be in charge of ones self and free of "the system" creates an honest man, a human individual. The governor's interpretation shows honesty as conformity. Conforming to societies' mandate horribly clashes with Smith's powerful sense of freedom and inner strength. "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner" carefully and cunningly depicts English rule as a weak, fraudulent, imposing system that cripples individuality. Smith's acts of recklessness cannot be seen as crude behavior, but rather as acts of freedom and non-conformity. Throughout the story Smith tries to find himself and grasp a better understanding of life and it's many questions by laughing at the law and running from it's reaching arms. Smith is forced to run by the governor at Borstal as part of his punishment for his crimes as a juvenile. He does not enjoy running except for the sanctity that it provides. The nature and beauty surrounding him while he runs is what appeals to him. Nature is not governed by man's laws and in this sense is honest, true, and free. This appeals to Smith because he wants to find his own niche in society and depend upon his own system, instead of following someone else's ineffective laws that hold down individuality. Running in effect than is actually an escape for Smith. Smiths' comment on being able to run forever is symbolic, and it drives the point home embodying the notion that running is keeping distance from the law, out running the system so to speak. When Smith runs he is untouchable. He is in his own world away from the suffocating laws of England's juvenile detention policies and the world of imposed law. Smith isn't running from his problems or from his past, but instead he is running towards the answers to the questions that doctrine men's lives, answers on how to become free and independent. While he is training he also finds the time to think about life and society like a kind of running philosopher. Running in this sense, provides the time to come to realizations, such as the gap he finds between the lower and middle-upper class persons. Another topic that is thought about intensively by Smith is the idea of being alive and being dead. To him it seems as if all the others around him at Borstal and in general are dead and he's the only man truly living, due to his active nature and thoughts about life. This thinking extends his self-consciousness and the awareness for what is happening around him. This story is rich in symbolism. Smith running acts as his freedom to explore the ideas of life. The story relies on these ideas to depict the nature of man. Running than also is his means of escapism from the forced civilization around him, his way to avoid the law and realize his true nature.